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Original literature and history Jun Haoran literature and history

There are two boys serving tea in the front of (part of) Yan Yin Tu in Tang Dynasty.

An archaeological report published by the archaeological team of Shandong University officially announced the discovery of the world’s earliest tea in the ruins of the ancient city of Guo in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong. Prior to this, the earliest tea in the world was found in the burial pit of Yangling, Emperor Liu Qi of the Han Dynasty. This discovery of Shandong University directly pushed the historical upper limit of tea drinking in China for more than 300 years. Tea, as a kind of drink, has entered the daily life of China people for a long time. With the development of history, not only tea itself and its related material forms have been developed, but also tea has entered the spiritual world of China people and become a sustenance of the elegant people. When the tea inscription meets the ancient paintings, those long-gone tea events are vividly presented in front of us. Let’s follow these ancient paintings to see the tea events in China!

Tea found in the ruins of the ancient city of Guo in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong Province

I. Tea Affairs in Tang and Song Dynasties

China people’s acceptance of tea is a gradual process. Legend has it that tea originated from Emperor Yan Shennong, but at this time it was used as a medicinal drink. In the Warring States period, people in China had drunk tea. In the Han Dynasty, tea was still used as a medicine or food to participate in people’s lives.

The earliest and most reliable record of tea can be found in "Tong Yue" written by Wang Bao of Sichuan in the Western Han Dynasty. It records what a servant should do every day, and one of them is "brew tea does everything … Wuyang buys tea". Later, tea pots engraved with the word "tea" in the Eastern Han Dynasty were unearthed in Zhejiang and other places. This shows that tea has been quite popular in the Han Dynasty.

Although there were sporadic records about tea in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the tea culture at this time was still in a hazy period. Tea culture gradually surfaced, not only in ancient paintings, but also in systematic records, starting from the Tang Dynasty. The Classic of Tea by Lu Yu, a native of Tang Dynasty, is the first monograph on tea culture in the history of China, while The Orchid Pavilion of Xiao Yi is the first ancient painting with brew tea in the history of our country.

The Song Dynasty’s Copy of Xiao Yi Earning Lan Ting Tu, which was anonymous in Tang Dynasty.

The popularity of tea in the Tang dynasty was recorded in detail in the sealed "Feng’s Experience". It is said that during the Kaiyuan period, a monk in Lingyan Temple in Taishan forgot to eat and sleep in order to study Zen, and he relied on drinking tea to eliminate his fatigue and hunger. After the news spread, it became a custom to follow suit. From Shandong to Chang ‘an, the then capital city, and Chasiying Street, the world could beg for a cup of tea as long as it invested money.

After the publication of Lu Yu’s Tea Classics in Tang Suzong, tea culture gradually became an art, which was favored by ministers and nobles. "When the tea ceremony is popular, all princes and courtiers will drink.".

"Wu Mei Niang Legend" Tea tasting in upper class

A picture of Gong Le Tu in the Tang Dynasty depicts twelve beautiful women playing music around the table. They are holding pipa, guzheng, sheng and other musical instruments. There is a big tea basin on the table, and a maid-in-waiting is taking tea from the tea basin and giving it to everyone. A beautiful woman is making a drink, which shows that tea has become an essential thing for these princes and nobles to have fun every day.

Gong le tu in Tang dynasty

According to Lu Yu’s Book of Tea, people in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into boiled tea, nunnery tea and tea. In the Tang dynasty, people also called boiling tea fried tea. Although their names are different, their methods are generally the same. Use a "tea pot" or "tea kettle" for "boiling tea". After the tea is cooked, you need to use a tea spoon to take it to other places. The "fried tea" uses "tea pan", and after the tea is cooked, it can flow directly from the spout to the container.

Temple tea is now brewed directly with boiling water, while tea is special. In the Tang Dynasty, people mixed tea and porridge into a kind of tea porridge, and this drinking method was called "porridge".

"Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" Part

The painting "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" tells the story of Xiao Yi defrauding Lanting Preface from the debating machine for Emperor Taizong. In the lower left corner of the painting, there is a stove boiling tea, and an old man is squatting on the ground, holding a bamboo pod and stirring the tea powder in the tea pot. The old man is on his back, his nostrils are enlarged, and he seems to appreciate the rich tea fragrance. While another teenager is holding a black lacquer lamp holder and a white porcelain bowl, leaning over and waiting to pick up the tea that is about to be fried. The instrument used by the old people to cook tea is a tea jar. After the tea is cooked, it can be poured directly into the tea cup offered by the young people. This way of frying tea was a common way in the Tang Dynasty. Besides, we can also see tea-making tools such as saucer, tea mill and tea combination in this painting.

The image expressed in "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" itself is that guests come to cook tea, which inadvertently reflects the skills and related tools of tea cooking in Tang Dynasty, and shows that the method of tea cooking in Tang Dynasty has reached maturity and entered people’s daily life. It is in line with Lu Yu’s sentence: "When you are immersed in the customs, it is prosperous in the country, and the two capitals are between Jing and Yu, thinking that it is better than drinking in the house."

The maid on the left side of Tang Zhou Fang’s "Tune the piano and compose the tea" serves tea.

Song people are better at tea than Tang people, but they have the habits of Song people. Tea was divided into "piece tea" and "loose tea" by Song people. "Piece tea" is a cake that has been squeezed into cakes, while "loose tea" is tea that has not been squeezed. However, Song people like tea powder, that is, grinding tea into powder, so whether it is "piece tea" or "loose tea", it is actually tea powder.

Because of the different forms of tea, the way of drinking tea in Song Dynasty was different from that in Tang Dynasty. Tang people like to "make tea", while Song people like to "order tea". The so-called "tea-ordering" means putting the tea powder in a tea cup, adding soup to it with a tea bottle, and finally stirring the tea powder. "Ordering" also means drip. This process seems simple, but it is actually very learned. The appearance of ordering tea, a way of drinking tea, also led to the emergence of a competition about tea cooking in Song Dynasty-fighting tea.

Prepare tea map

Tea fighting, also known as "tea fighting", has several processes. At first, it is necessary to iron the tea cup, and then "paste mixing", that is, pour the tea powder into the tea cup. The most important process is to pour boiling water and stir the tea leaves with teaspoons and tea baskets. Especially when mixing with a tea basket, we should pay attention to the priorities. After mixing a bowl of good tea soup, the foam floating on the surface should be evenly spread and the foam should be close to the tea cup, which is called "biting the cup". However, if the foamed camellia is not evenly spread to reveal a gap, then the mixing fails, which is called "cloud foot scattering" or "water foot scattering".

In the Song Dynasty, we can see several people in folk costumes squatting and fighting for tea, which is a good picture of folk fighting for tea.

Song dynasty’s anonymous "dou cha tu"

Generally speaking, not all tea leaves will use tea in this way. Song Wangguan said in "Learning Forest" that "the best of tea is to sip it; Those who fry and sip it are all common ",that is to say, good tea will use the way of ordering tea, and ordinary tea will still be used to fry tea." But in fact, almost everyone in the Song Dynasty used some tea when drinking tea.

Song people like tea, from the emperor or the public to the common people. Song Huizong once painted a picture of Wen Hui Tu, which was about the literati’s elegant collection of tea. The lower part of the painting depicts several waiters waiting for soup and ordering tea, showing the literati’s love for ordering tea at that time. In addition, in order to meet their own demand for tea, the royal family in the Northern Song Dynasty specially sent a transshipment ambassador to Beiyuan, Fujian Province to make tribute tea, with the name "Dragon and Phoenix Tuancha". Song Huizong once praised it as "Dragon and Phoenix Tuancha, which is famous in the world", and even wrote "Daguan Tea Theory" himself, becoming the only emperor in China history who personally wrote the tea theory.

Wen Hui Tu by Song Huizong in Northern Song Dynasty (partial)

In the masterpiece The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, we can find tea shops everywhere in the bustling Bianjing street, which became the most important place to meet the material and spiritual needs of the citizens in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Song Zhang Zeduan’s Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival (partial)

Second, tea affairs in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

The Yuan Dynasty was a dynasty established by Mongolian ethnic minorities. Because of the difference in diet, the Mongols were not very interested in drinking tea. In addition, the country of the Yuan Dynasty was not very long, so the drinking habits of the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the way of drinking tea in the Song Dynasty. However, the Yuan Dynasty was a transitional stage. At that time, there was a tea-making method of "soaking soup to remove smoke and decocting it with soup" in the south, which was basically consistent with the tea-drinking method in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Yuan mural Dao Tong

By the Ming Dynasty, there had been another great change in the way of drinking tea in China. Because the manufacturing process of tea powder is complicated, Ming Taizu officially abolished the tribute tea in Fujian in the Song Dynasty in the 24th year of Hongwu, and changed the tea powder to make tea. The form of tea was formally changed from group tea and cake tea to loose tea, which led to the general way of making tea now. Tea powder was abandoned, and the method of ordering tea was naturally abandoned. Over time, people in the Ming Dynasty did not know what the method of ordering tea was.

Xu Cishu, a Ming Dynasty man, recorded the way of making tea in Tea and Vegetables Cooking Point: "First, hold tea in your hand, once the soup is put into the pot, throw the tea soup at hand, and cover it with a lid. When you breathe three times, you will pour it into the pot again." Although the Ming people still pay attention to the first tea soup for washing tea and the second for drinking, this way of making tea has been much simpler than the tea frying method in Tang Dynasty and the tea ordering method in Song Dynasty.

Ming anonymous "tea tasting map"

In Wen Zhiming’s Tea Tasting Map, we can see a grass hiding under a tree, two people sitting opposite each other in the cottage, a teapot and two white porcelain teacups on the middle desk, and a boy cooking water in the side room. Tea drinking is born with a quiet temperament. Drinking tea in downtown is lively, but in such an environment as painting, tea drinking pays attention to quietness, and it is the most desirable way for scholars in Ming Dynasty to discuss tea in quietness. Zhang Yuan, a Ming Dynasty scholar, said in Tea Record: "Drinking tea with few guests is more expensive, but many guests are noisy, and noisy is lacking in elegance." It can be seen that the tea drinking of Ming scholars is a static word, which also gives a different sustenance to tea tasting.

Tea Tasting Map by Wen Zhiming in Ming Dynasty (partial)

When we compare this picture with the Song Dynasty’s "Dou Cha Tu" mentioned before, we will find that with the disappearance of tea powder and tea ordering, tea sets have been simplified, and the tools needed for drinking tea in the Song Dynasty, such as tea grinders, teaspoons and tea baskets, are no longer popular, so that scholars in the middle and late Ming Dynasty will be confused when they read the tea baskets written by Song people.

Tea basket

Although the procedures for drinking tea and tea sets have been simplified, the quality of life of the literati in Ming and Qing dynasties has not decreased at all. They have played new tricks on the remaining teapots, teacups and tea cans, and the tea sets in the Ming and Qing dynasties are more exquisite and exquisite.

Teapots in the two dynasties were made of purple clay pots, and Wen Zhenheng, a Ming dynasty, said in "Chronicles of Long Stories" that "the teapot is made of sand, and the cover is neither fragrant nor cooked." Ming people also prefer small pots, it is best to have a small pot for each person at the elegant meeting, so as to enjoy themselves.

Porcelain firing in Ming and Qing Dynasties reached its peak, which was reflected in tea ware’s style. Most of tea ware are exquisite, but the style is according to the emperor’s preference. Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty likes elegance, while tea sets in Yongzheng Dynasty are mostly simple in shape, fresh and elegant in style, giving people a pleasing feeling. For example, in Yongzheng period, there were two Yixing Kiln Zisha tea pots, one of which was hexagonal, with the word "before the rain" engraved on the lid, while the other was round and round, with the word "Zhulan" engraved on the lid.

Objects in Yongzheng period

However, Emperor Qianlong advocated magnificence, so the style of tea set in Qianlong Dynasty was warm and gorgeous, and glaze and other techniques were widely used, with bright colors and diverse patterns, with the intention of highlighting the weather of a prosperous generation. For example, in the Qianlong Dynasty, a sapphire Sanqing tea poem covered the bowl. The sapphire was transparent, covered with gold patterns, and the bowl was exquisitely carved with poems. But this is also generally speaking, there were gorgeous tea sets in Yongzheng Dynasty, and there were also elegant tea sets in Qianlong Dynasty.

Qianlong period artifacts

It is worth mentioning that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty kept their own tea culture-milk tea when they accepted the tea culture of the Han nationality. According to records, Manchu people still kept the habit of drinking milk tea after entering the customs, and the palace also set up a special institution to provide milk tea. The Qing emperor liked to have a cup of milk tea before eating, and the milk tea and other drinks in the court were also distributed according to the quantity. The rulers of the Qing dynasty loved milk tea, and even when they went hunting, they didn’t forget to have a drink.

Ranz Ning’s Hongli Hunting Dinner in Qing Dynasty (partial)

Wen Shijun said

The origin of tea culture in China is very early, and ancient ancestors have already recognized the medicinal function of tea. With the development of history, tea has increasingly entered people’s daily lives, and the fragrance of tea can be smelled in the deep gardens of the palace, in the streets of the streets and in the barren hills and wild forests. The rise of tea culture has led to the change of the material form of tea drinking, and also enriched the spiritual life of the ancient people, and tea tasting has been given a different spiritual sustenance by the ancient people. Therefore, China’s tea culture includes both material and spiritual aspects.

reference data

Qiu Jiping: Chinese Tea Painting, Zhejiang Photography Publishing House, 2014.

Liao Baoxiu: Tea Affairs and tea ware in Past Dynasties, Palace Museum Press, 2017.

Zhao Qiuli and Fan Feng: The Archaeological Team of Shandong University Discovered the World’s Earliest Tea Remains, Guangming Daily, November 26, 2021.

(Author: Haoran literature and history Jingsu)

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The end of the Spring Festival has brought a new term: desperate illiteracy. At that time, YiBo was interviewed in the offline publicity of "Nobody". A reporter asked what he had learned through the role. Originally, he was just a standard questions, but YiBo hesitated for a long time. In the end, he could only end up with "I don’t know how to answer".

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Are young actors really unable to put on a good show nowadays? Not really. Learn to be a man first, and if you don’t keep your attitude straight and don’t want to practice from scratch with an open mind, problems will gradually accumulate until water under the bridge.

In the face of reporters’ questions, they are hesitant and ambiguous. Although it is not a big problem, such a phenomenon appears one after another in young actors, which is ultimately not professional enough.

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(Note: This article belongs to the commercial information published by Yangguang. com, and the content of the article does not represent the views of this website, and it is for reference only)

According to statistics, there are nearly 20,000 scenic spots in China at present, and the management of most scenic spots is still under the management mode of government monopoly. In today’s management, four defects are gradually exposed.

First, the four aspects of scenic spot management defects

1. Separation of government from enterprise

The management expenses of scenic spots are included in the two lines of government revenue and expenditure, which causes managers to lack market risk awareness and determination to open up the market, and can not effectively develop and utilize scenic spots resources reasonably.

2. Set administrative personnel and business managers in one.

The lack of effective management mechanism for the performance of managers makes the management of scenic spots break away from the rules of market competition, and the outcome is often an afterthought, which delays the good opportunity for tourism development.

3. Diversification of management and operation system standards

There are both government officials and externally recruited personnel in the middle and senior management of scenic spots, and two sets of standards of government and enterprise are implemented in the personnel and salary system, which leads to unreasonable distribution and unclear responsibilities, resulting in low management efficiency of scenic spots.

4. Lack of understanding of scenic spot management

The management of scenic spots is limited to simple personnel, finance, safety, reception and daily work, and the coordination management of other industrial chains in scenic spots is ignored, such as the effective management mode of interaction and mutual benefit among travel agencies, hotels, motorcades, media and scenic spots.

Second, eight matters needing attention in scenic spot management

1. Formulate the organizational management structure and management process suitable for the development of scenic spots.

According to the types of scenic resources and the characteristics of products, the company’s organizational structure is formulated, and the management team headed by the general manager is established, supplemented by three deputy general managers of scenic marketing, scenic management and commodity management, and the core management team-the team of department heads is established.

In management, the general manager responsibility system is implemented, and the general manager takes full responsibility for the benefit target of the scenic spot throughout the year. The three deputy general managers of marketing, scenic spot management and commodity management are responsible for the business indicators of each section decomposed by the general manager according to their responsibilities.

The work of each department closely revolves around the four-step process of "planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing", so that each manager can clearly understand the company framework and his position and responsibilities in it. To achieve political integrity and harmony, the work arrangement is simple and clear, and the responsible person is clear, which effectively improves the effectiveness of management.

2. Establish the rules and regulations of the scenic spot and improve the overall management level of the scenic spot.

System is the foundation of the normal operation of enterprises and the premise of management norms. First, we optimize the original rules and regulations and make a good management process record.

Make the original management of employees by leaders change into the management of employees by the company system, effectively put an end to human management, record the management process on a standardized form, and ensure that management does not go through the motions and the implementation is recorded.

At the same time, the company pays attention to humanized management, establishes a smooth dialogue channel between employees and leaders, and requires managers to have a reply letter to employees’ opinions within three days, hold regular meetings on rationalization system opinions every month, and revise and compile existing regulations next month, which will serve as the standard for future work.

3. Strengthen financial and ticketing management.

In financial management, expenses should be planned, expenses should be approved in a process, contract payments should be authorized, financial revenues and expenditures should be regulated, and monthly financial analysis reports should be made.

4. Implement the elimination system of post performance reward and evaluation.

In order to arouse employees’ work enthusiasm and make their starting points at the same starting line, this paper analyzes the job content and tourist volume data of departments in scenic spots in recent years, and after comprehensive consideration, formulates the performance indicators and evaluation contents according to each position of each department. In the evaluation, it implements the evaluation method of parallel channels of department heads and competent leaders, so as to achieve fair competition and pay more for more work, and eliminate employees who cannot complete their jobs according to the company’s rules and regulations.

5. Improve the service quality of staff and the professional level of tour guides.

Starting with the on-the-job training of employees, we should improve their service awareness and standardize the service courtesy terms in scenic spots;

Supervise the standardization of employee service quality with quality inspection as a supplement;

Work out the post workflow, so as to unify the work steps;

Strengthen the education of tourism professional knowledge, improve the comprehensive quality of managers, and implement the system of holding certificates in important or professional positions.

6. Pay attention to marketing and channel construction of tourism industry.

Establish a marketing department with the marketing manager, regional manager, marketing staff and tourist team as the core, expand the staffing of the original scenic spot marketing department, set up offices in each target regional market for market segmentation, and conduct hierarchical management at the same time.

In the channel of tourism industry, we establish a mutually beneficial cooperation platform with the tourism service agencies (hotels, travel agencies and transportation, etc.) where the scenic spots are located and the surrounding tourist attractions, and share information resources through the network to improve efficiency, ensure the service quality standards of tourism teams and prevent mistakes and accidents.

7. "Manage" the channel advantages of the government.

Closely combine the flexibility of enterprise operation with the advantages of government information, channels and resources, combine the brand of scenic spots with the brand of cities, promote the brand of scenic spots with the help of various government investment promotion activities, exhibition activities and conference activities, publicize cities and scenic spots with the help of government visits and cultural exchanges, and timely and reasonably adjust the direction of product management and marketing in scenic spots with the help of government information advantages.

8. Pay attention to the development of tourist experience products.

According to the culture, people and folk activities recorded in history, combined with the resource conditions, comprehensive ability and market situation of the existing scenic spots, the products of the scenic spots are clearly positioned, and the activities that tourists can experience and participate in are excavated in stages, so that tourists can experience personalized services and feel the truth in the process.

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Source: People’s Daily Online-People’s Daily Overseas Edition

The audience enjoyed the "Zhonghe Shaole" musical instrument in Qing Dynasty. Du Jianpo

Qing gan long Jin tai enamel figure holding pot Du Jianpo

Qing gan long Ji Qing Jin Cai hai Yan he Qing Zun Photo courtesy of Guobo

Qing Qianlong’s "seventy-two poems on the imperial month" is colored ink (September and October). Du Jianpo

From ancient stone tools, bone implements, jade articles and pottery to colorful export porcelain and finely carved lacquerware, from the silk painting "Fuxi Nu Wa Tu" drawn by the Tang Dynasty to the Tao Te Ching written by the calligrapher in fine small letters in the Yuan Dynasty … into the China National Museum "Harmony and Symbiosis-the Forbidden City-Guobo Tibetan Cultural Relics Joint Exhibition", rich cultural relics show the long history of Chinese civilization.

This exhibition is the first heavy special exhibition jointly launched by the Palace Museum and the National Museum of China. More than 400 cultural relics are selected from the rich collections of the Palace Museum and Guobo for display. The exhibition is divided into four units, which expounds the historical origin and rich connotation of China’s "harmony" culture from four aspects: the universe, the world, society and morality. The first unit, "Harmony between Heaven and Earth", explains the cosmology of the unity of heaven and man advocated by the Chinese nation since ancient times; The second unit, "Harmony among All Nations", explains the world view of harmony among all nations upheld by the Chinese nation when dealing with foreign relations; The third unit, "Yi Min An He", explains Chinese civilization’s respect and tolerance for the cultural diversity of all social strata and ethnic groups. The fourth unit, "Happiness lies in harmony with people", explains the moral concept of "people’s hearts are kind" of the Chinese nation.

Wisdom of the Unity of Heaven and Man

Stepping into the exhibition hall, the jade ritual vessels of Hongshan culture Yulong, Liangzhu culture Jade Cong and Qijia culture Jade Bi attracted the audience to stop and enjoy. Chinese ancestors collected natural jade and carefully crafted it into a ritual vessel to communicate with heaven and earth and offer sacrifices to ancestors. Today, thousands of years later, when we see these jade articles, we will still be amazed by the superb carving skills and rich imagination of our ancestors.

From chiseling stone, grinding bone and reeling silk to making pottery, smelting copper and painting lacquer, the ancients had a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the development and utilization of natural materials and the laws of nature, and the emotional resonance and aesthetic concepts caused by natural phenomena were gradually integrated into labor practice and material creation, thus forming a unique ritual and music civilization and social system of the Chinese nation.

In ancient times, the ancestors in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River summed up the laws of natural changes according to the climate and four seasons alternately, so as to guide daily life and realize the progress of productive forces. Monthly order, that is, taking the four seasons as the general outline and December as the details, records the astronomical calendar and natural phenology in time, and arranges the decrees of production and life accordingly. In the exhibition hall, Qingganlong’s "Poems of seventy-two waiting for the moon" is the embodiment of the cultural tradition of "obeying the weather and responding to the times". This ink set consists of two boxes, with 6 drawers in each box and 6 spindles in each drawer, totaling 72 spindles. One spindle of ink corresponds to a phenology, with different sizes and shapes, including round, oval, square, hexagonal, leaf, tablet, harp and bell. Ink colors are divided into green, red, white, blue and yellow, which correspond to the traditional five elements in China: spring (first month and February) is wood, which corresponds to green; Summer (April and May) is fire, corresponding to red; Autumn (July and August) is gold, corresponding to white; Winter (October and November) is water, corresponding to blue; The turn of the two seasons (March, June, September and December) is earth, which means activation and hair growth, corresponding to yellow.

Next to the moon-colored ink, there is a set of poems cups with colorful December flowers in Qing Kangxi. This set of multicolored cups consists of 12 pieces. The bright white glaze is decorated with blue and white multicolored flowers. On the one hand, the representative flowers of each month are painted, and on the other hand, the poems corresponding to the flowers are inscribed. Most of the poems are taken from The Whole Tang Poetry. This set of porcelain cups belongs to the imperial wine glasses, with thin and light tires, beautiful patterns and neat styles, which represents the highest level of making blue and white multicolored thin-shell porcelain in Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory in Kangxi Dynasty.

On the one hand, there are bronze bells, chimes and cymbals in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and on the other hand, there is the glittering "Zhonghe Shaole" musical instrument in the Qing Dynasty. The two sets of exhibits reflect the inheritance and development of Chinese ritual and music culture for thousands of years. Elegant music is the orthodox music used in ancient China to worship heaven and earth, ancestors, and banquets. Its system was formulated in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The main musical instruments of ancient elegant music are chimes and chimes. The music begins with a bronze bell and ends with a jade chime, which is a combination of many voices and symbolizes "golden sound and jade vibration". "Zhonghe Shaole" has the highest specification in the music system of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and is mainly used for altar and temple sacrifices and national ceremonies above Zhongsi. The bronze-gilded chime with double dragons and dragons’ buttons and dragons’ patterns made during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty was hung on the shelf carved with dragons and painted with gold in two layers, showing its dignity and elegance. Matching with it, the jadeite-painted plait with Un-yong Kim pattern is made of precious jade from Hetian, Xinjiang, and both sides of the chime are decorated with Un-yong Kim pattern. The golden yellow of the gold-painted pattern and the emerald green of the jade are brilliant.

Openness and tolerance

In the independent showcase, a small seal on one side evokes people’s reverie of desert wind and smoke and camel bells. This lute was unearthed from Zhang Qian’s tomb in Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province, and the front is engraved with the words "Bowang-Zao" in Yang. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was ordered to make two missions to the Western Regions, which opened up the world-famous Silk Road and was named Bo Wanghou.

The brocade of the Tang Dynasty with decorative group patterns, knight patterns and pig head patterns tells the story of increasing prosperity after the Silk Road was opened for thousands of years. The exotic patterns are integrated with the traditional auspicious patterns in the Central Plains, presenting an open, inclusive and colorful prosperous scene.

Painted porcelain from Changsha kiln in the Tang Dynasty, celadon from Longquan kiln in the Yuan Dynasty, blue-and-white porcelain from Jingdezhen kiln in the Ming Dynasty, and wide-colored porcelain in the Qing Dynasty … Famous export porcelain products of past dynasties witnessed the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road. A green glazed phoenix tail statue of Longquan kiln with elegant shape and exquisite decoration attracted the reporter’s attention. This statue has a long neck, rich shoulders, and gradually converges below the abdomen, slightly skimming near the foot and circling the foot. Thick blue glaze is applied inside and outside the porcelain, and the glaze is open. The neck is carved with dense chords, the upper abdomen is carved with branches-bound peony, and the lower abdomen is carved with chrysanthemum petals. According to reports, in a Yuan Dynasty shipwreck full of ceramics in Xin ‘an sea area, South Korea, a phoenix-tailed statue with green glaze and peony pattern in Longquan kiln was found, which proved that Longquan kiln celadon played an important role in the cultural exchange and trade of the Maritime Silk Road in Yuan Dynasty.

Corresponding to these export porcelains, overseas countries learn from China’s porcelain-making technology to produce porcelains. For example, Koryo celadon in the 12th century, Jingdezhen multicolored porcelain imitated by Maisen kiln in Europe in the 18th century, and Dehua kiln white porcelain imitated by Japan in the 19th century. These foreign porcelain products have flowed into China and entered the palace, which has become a much-told story for the exchange and mutual learning between Chinese and foreign civilizations.

Passing through a porch that imitates the panorama of the Forbidden City, a series of exhibits come into view, which reflect the achievements of innovation and development after the introduction of western culture into China. The figurines of the Qing-Gan-Long Golden Fetus Enamel are combined with many techniques such as inlay, engraving, silk-twisting enamel and painting enamel, which are exquisite and amazing. This pot is made of gold, and its shape is gourd-shaped. The whole body is painted with blue enamel, decorated with twisted silk and lotus patterns, and inlaid with pearls and corals in many places. Painted enamels with different sizes and shapes are symmetrically arranged on the lid, neck, lower abdomen and large abdomen, and figures, flowers and courtyard landscapes are painted inside the enamel. Under it, it is equipped with a lotus-carved gold-plated copper seat. Cloisoned enamel and painted enamel are all imported from the west. During Qianlong period, there were few figures decorated in enamel products, so this device can be called a masterpiece. The ladies and courtyard figures painted in the opening of the vessel are traditional paintings in China, but they are expressed by European techniques, which reflects the artistic style of combining Chinese and Western styles.

The morality of harmony and goodness

The third unit of the exhibition presents a picture of the harmonious coexistence of scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce in ancient China. "Han Bao Sai Wu Huan leads many leaders" camel button bronze seal is the official seal awarded by the Eastern Han Dynasty court to the leaders of Wu Huan nationality. Wuhuan is a branch of Donghu people in ancient China. The title of "leading the crowd" is related to his deeds such as leading the crowd to join, guarding the frontier fortress, helping the war and counterinsurgency. Cultural relics with national characteristics, such as the bronze musical instruments of southwest nationalities in Han Dynasty, the jade carvings of "Spring Water" and "Autumn Mountain" in Jin Dynasty, and the "Gong Gong Tu" in Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflect the colorful national culture.

The Southern Tour of Qianlong is a huge historical picture of Qing Dynasty painter Xu Yang’s first southern tour of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in 1751 with "imperial poetry as the picture". The whole picture consists of 12 volumes, which combines poetry, calligraphy and painting, and realistically depicts the scene of Qianlong’s early trip to the south of the Yangtze River, the province asking for customs, inspecting officials and the people, inspecting river workers, reviewing divisions and brigades, offering sacrifices to Yuling and visiting scenic spots in lakes and mountains, which truly reflects the splendid rivers and mountains and social features. In this exhibition, the sixth volume of the Southern Tour of Qianlong was exhibited. This volume is entitled "Zhu Gu Su", which focuses on the landscape from Changmen to Xumen in Suzhou. The whole painting takes the Grand Canal as the main axis, with houses and shops along the banks of the river, which is full of prosperity and prosperity.

The foundation of a harmonious society is the values of "people are kind" and "harmony is the most important". Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen painted the axis of "A Harmony Map", depicting three old people huddled together, with the old man on the left wearing a Taoist crown, the old man in the middle dressed as a monk, and a Confucian scholar wearing a square towel on the right. The composition of the whole work is ingenious, and it looks like a smiling Maitreya sitting cross-legged, beaming and harmonious, showing the thought of the unity and harmonious blending of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

At the end of the exhibition, a piece of green and golden colors, Haiyan River, attracted people’s attention. The outer wall of this device is painted with blue enamel, with gold-painted branches-bound peony, banana leaf pattern, ruyi cloud pattern, etc., and near the foot is decorated with pastel lotus pattern and lotus bead pattern, and a pair of white swallows with wings spread and tails cut are carved between the shoulders and necks as ears. This porcelain statue was fired by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln in the Qing Dynasty for Haiyan Hall in Yuanmingyuan. It needs to be put into the kiln and painted many times, and its technology is superb, which is a combination of carving, pasting and embossing. The blue color of this statue symbolizes "Heqing", and Yan is homophonic with "Yan", which means that Haiyan River is clear and the world is peaceful.

If you want to enhance your charm and get rid of rusticity quickly by collocation, our collocation should not be too casual. A woman with real temperament will not follow suit at will. When you want to find a collocation that can keep warm and fashionable in winter, maybe you can look at the following fashionable collocation and understand these three points of fashion, and you can easily become fashionable with foreign flavor.

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First, master 3-point fashion, but not foreign style.

(1) let you have long legs by being short at the top and long at the bottom.

The biggest figure problem of short or short-legged girls is that the proportion is not good enough. At this time, we don’t have to worry. We can improve our personal proportion easily by mastering the classic collocation skills of short and long.

The collocation of jacket and high-waisted trousers is mainly to make the position of our waist be pulled up, which can highlight your waist and visually extend the leg length.

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② Personality overlapping highlights taste.

Girls with average collocation skills rarely try to mix and match at will in their daily lives, but if you really want to wear a sense of high class, overlapping is definitely indispensable.

Especially in winter, it is recommended.You can boldly use all kinds of coats to fold and wear.Through various loose coats, bottoming shirts, sweaters, etc., the style is changed, thus easily embodying the sense of fashion.

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③ Boldly express charm with color.

In daily collocation, black, white and gray are the most common, classic and versatile, but for some girls who pursue individuality,Single color matching is always boring. At this time, it is really easy to express your personality through beautiful popular color matching.

For example, in winter, in addition to the basic black, white, gray and earth tone, green, pink and purple clothes can also be used, but the saturation is not too high, otherwise there will be a risk of blackening.

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andColor not only affects skin color, but also affects our matching proportion. Different colors of upper and lower body clothes can form a more obvious style visually.

For example, dark bottoms with light-colored tops can also be divided into our proportions at the color division, so that the proportion of the figure can be adjusted. When you match, you should remember that the color division point should be raised as high as possible, so as to avoid appearing fifty-fifty.

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Second, these are fashionable and foreign, and they look good when copied.

In winter, all kinds of cotton-padded jacket are indispensable clothes in our wardrobe. How should a cotton-padded jacket with a short foundation be matched? First of all, girlsYou have to look at the inside. The inside style is simple and low-key, and it can be worn with a down jacket, so you can refuse to be bloated.Form a better bonus effect. For example, these simple sweaters with solid color down jackets have a strong sense of layering.

Simply matching wide-leg pants with the lower body can also block the body disadvantage, modify our existing body problems, and easily foster strengths and avoid weaknesses.

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When wearing a loose coat, if you are worried that you will look fat if you cover your waist, then you can also match a variety of high-waist pants to form a more obvious connection.

By matching high-waist trousers with a short coat to modify your figure, you can also open your coat, which obviously highlights your waist curve. This collocation will basically not appear bloated.

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The matching of the same color has always been very classic. When girls and friends don’t know how to match, it should be no problem to choose the same style for the color of tops and trousers..

Simple matching of the same color makes the whole shape look more harmonious and more closely connected, and it does not seem to be inconsistent.

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Same-color collocation does not mean that the colors must be exactly the same, we can use the collocation of near-color system.It can also be combined with colors with uniform color system and different brightness. With a sense of hierarchy, it will not be too complicated and particularly easy to control.

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Winter collocation only needs to master the above fashionable ideas and see how these fashionistas are matched, which will always enable you to gain more ideas in dressing and master more ways to become beautiful, and you can become a goddess inadvertently.

Source: People’s Daily Online-People’s Daily Overseas Edition

Traditional non-legacy relies on the short video "circle powder" for the younger generation; The Battle at Lake Changjin, The Awakeing Age and other main melody film and television works have aroused empathy among the whole people; Weekends in museums and grand theaters have become a lifestyle … In the past year, China’s cultural undertakings and cultural industries have flourished, and people’s sense of cultural acquisition and happiness has been continuously enhanced.

Culture makes the country prosperous and the nation strong. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee clearly put forward the long-term goal of building a cultural power by 2035. How to stimulate endogenous motivation with culture and condense the spiritual strength of forging ahead in a new journey? Our reporter interviewed a number of deputies.

Cultural undertakings flourish.

According to Yan Jingming, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the Chinese Writers Association, literary and artistic creation has flourished in recent years, and literature, movies, TV dramas and stage art have all made great achievements, which is gratifying. "China writers have provided a large number of excellent works to express real life, tell the story of China well and carry forward the main theme of the times; Excellent film and television dramas carry forward the spirit of the times and are full of feelings of home and country, which has aroused enthusiastic response among the broad masses of the people, especially young audiences, and fully embodies the power of culture. "

Cultural undertakings such as press and publication, radio, film and television, literature and art have flourished, further enriching the spiritual and cultural life of the people; Museums and city parks are open for free, and public cultural services are continuously upgraded, making it more convenient for people to enjoy cultural life.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, by the end of 2020, there were 3,212 public libraries, 618 art galleries, 5,788 museums, 3,327 cultural centers, more than 40,000 cultural stations and 575,400 village-level comprehensive cultural service centers. All public libraries, cultural centers, cultural stations, art galleries and more than 90% museums are open free of charge, achieving "barrier-free, zero threshold".

Wu Weishan, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of China Art Museum, has a deep understanding of the people’s high cultural enthusiasm. Since the normalization of epidemic prevention and control, the number of people making appointments for China Art Museum is 1,800 per day, and tickets are often booked out several days in advance, especially on weekends. "This reflects the public’s demand for beauty and culture." Wu Weishan said that the China Art Museum also responded to the public’s voice by holding online exhibitions and other ways. In his view, it is necessary to strengthen the aesthetic education of the whole people, enrich and cultivate the social and cultural atmosphere with the idea, spirit, behavior and creation of beauty, improve the aesthetic and humanistic quality of the whole people and enhance cultural self-confidence with aesthetic education and cultural people.

Cultural self-confidence is constantly increasing.

Only by establishing a high degree of cultural self-confidence, can a country and a nation forge the determination to persist, the courage to work hard and the vitality of innovation and creation, and let the spiritual building of the country and the nation stand tall. At this year’s two sessions, the deputies generally felt that with the continuous development of China’s cultural undertakings and cultural industries, people’s spiritual and cultural life has been continuously enriched and cultural self-confidence has been continuously enhanced.

"In the process of China opera going out, we won applause and recognition from the world audience, which greatly enhanced the cultural confidence of our opera people. We are increasingly aware that only national ones are the world’s. " Li Shujian, deputy to the National People’s Congress and vice chairman of the Chinese Dramatists Association, said. In recent years, he has led Henan Yu Theatre to perform in more than 30 countries and regions, including Broadway in the United States and Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. "Especially after the performance of Henan Opera" Cheng Ying Saving the Orphan "in the United States, local stars enthusiastically took photos with us, and many foreign audiences met me backstage and said that we told a good story." Li Shujian said. In order to facilitate the understanding of foreign audiences, "Saving the Orphan in Cheng Ying" has subtitles in seven languages.

It is not only a traditional opera, but also the original opera’s going out to sea has let the world see the new atmosphere of China culture.

Ke Jun, deputy to the National People’s Congress and general manager of Jiangsu Performing Arts Group, said that the original operas such as River of Transportation, Jian Zhen’s East Crossing and Rabe’s Diary used the concept of integration and innovation to tell the story of China in an international language, and promoted the exchange of civilizations and mutual learning. Among them, "Jian Zhen’s Journey to the East" and "Rabe’s Diary" toured in Los Angeles, new york, Berlin, Hamburg and Vienna respectively in 2019, and were appraised by Chinese and foreign media as "China’s original opera with high standard, high quality, deep connotation, phenomenal level and world level".

"These achievements have enabled us to see the new atmosphere of a cultural power and greatly enhanced our cultural self-confidence. The creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese excellent traditional culture is promising. " Ke Jun said.

Building a strong cultural country

This year is the second year of implementing the 14th Five-Year Plan. How to better promote the construction of a strong cultural country is also a topic of concern to the deputies.

The success of the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics showed the world the strength of digital technology in China and the charm of China culture. With the help of new technologies such as 5G, ultra-high-definition video and free viewing angle, the audience has gained a better sense of immersion and presence, which are the cultural and scientific achievements of the deep integration of cultural industries and new technologies.

This year’s government work report puts forward, "promote the digitalization of public culture, promote the optimization of the layout of grassroots cultural facilities and resource sharing, and expand the supply of high-quality cultural products and services." In this regard, Ma Huateng, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman and CEO of Tencent’s board of directors, believes that the integration of cultural science and technology is the cross-cutting field of the two strategies of strengthening the country by culture and technology, and the special project of "cross-border application" of cultural scientific and technological achievements should be deployed to promote the value spillover for other industries, further enhance the independent innovation capability of science and technology, and at the same time deploy the special project of "deep application" of cultural scientific and technological achievements to promote the high-quality development of cultural industries.

Han Yongjin, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of the National Library Council, believes that it is necessary to strengthen the theoretical research of cultural power, especially the research on the index system of cultural power; At the same time, we should pay attention to giving full play to the power of literature classics to make the words in them come alive. "Literature classics are engraved with the spirit of China and the soul of the nation, bearing the historical memory, ideological wisdom and knowledge system of the Chinese nation, and are the driving force and source for us to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." Han Yongjin said that the most fundamental thing to make the words in the classics come alive is to guide everyone to read. This year, national reading has appeared in the government work report for the ninth time.

Embracing the future is also the aspiration of the representatives of the literary and art circles. Ji Wei, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the Chinese Quyi Artists Association, believes that the COVID-19 epidemic has changed the performance mode of traditional Quyi. "In the Internet age, traditional folk art cannot be absent. Every literary and art troupe must adapt to the new situation in which online and offline performance methods coexist and communication methods change, and give full play to the role of literary light cavalry. " Ji Wei said, "As long as the’ soul’ of traditional folk art is still there, it will certainly attract the attention of young people."